Turbulence and Diffusion in the Atmosphere

Produktbeschreibung

This book grew out of an introductory course that I was invited to teach on a number of occasions to senior and graduate level students at the University of Kid. I have cherished these opportunities in part because I was never required to conduct examinations or give grades. For the students, however, my good fortune presented special problems that induced my sympathy: in addition to having to contend with a foreign language, they would eventually have to confront an examiner with his own ideas about what they should have learned. Although I always left a copy of my lecture notes with this person, they were too sketchy to be of much use. The present book is an attempt to solve some of these problems. The content is intended to be as broad as possible within the limitations of an introductory one-semester course. It aims at providing an insightful view of present understanding, emphasizing the methods and the history of their development. In particular I have tried to expose the power of intuitive reasoning - the nature of tensor invariants, the usefulness of dimensional analysis, and the relevance of scales of physical quantities in the inference of relationships. I know of no other subject that has benefited more from these important tools, which seem to be widely neglected in the teaching of more fundamental disciplines. 

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1 The Nature of Turbulence.- 1.1 Two-Dimensional Eddies in the Atmosphere.- 1.2
The Reynolds Number and Its Significance.- 1.3 The Reynolds Approach to the
Equations of a Turbulent Fluid.- 1.4 Averaging the Equation of Continuity.- 1.5
Fluxes and the General Conservation Equation.- 1.6 The Closure Problem.- 1.7
First-Order Closure - Exchange Theory.- 1.8 Problems.- 2 The Navier-Stokes
Equations.- 2.1 The Nature of Stress.- 2.2 Invariants of Fluid Motions.- 2.3 The
Navier-Stokes Equations.- 2.4 Reynolds Number Similarity.- 2.5 Averaging the
Navier-Stokes Equations.- 2.6 Problems.- 3 The Neutral Surface Boundary Layer.-
3.1 Overview of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer.- 3.2 Wind Distribution in the
Neutral Surface Layer.- 3.3 Mean Flow in the Vicinity of the Surface.- 3.4
Miscellaneous Topics.- 3.5 Distribution of Passive Mean Properties.- 3.6
Problems.- 4 The Energy Equations of Turbulence.- 4.1 Energy of the
Instantaneous State of a Fluid.- 4.2 Work Done on the Boundary.- 4.3 Heat.- 4.4
The Energy Equations and Energy Transformations.- 4.5 The Second Law of
Thermodynamics.- 4.6 The Boussinesq Approximation.- 4.7 Open Systems.- 4.8
Energy Transformations in a Turbulent System.- 4.9 Problems.- 5 Diabatic Surface
Boundary Layers.- 5.1 Heat Flux in the Surface Layer.- 5.2 The Richardson Number
and the Criterion of Turbulence.- 5.3 Wind Profile Similarity.- 5.4 Profiles of
Mean Temperature.- 5.5 Some Useful Relationships.- 5.6 Problems.- 6 Homogeneous
Stationary Planetary Layers.- 6.1 The Ekman Spiral.- 6.2 A Two-Layer Model of
the PBL.- 6.3 Universal Wind Hodograph and the Resistance Laws.- 6.4 The Mixed
Layer of the Ocean.- 6.5 Problems.- 7 Unconstrained Boundary Layers.- 7.1 Flow
downwind of a Change of Roughness.- 7.2 Non-stationary Boundary Layers.- 7.3
TheSurface Heat Balance Equation.- 7.4 Daytime Conditions in the PBL.- 7.5 The
Planetary Boundary Layer at Night.- 7.6 Model Simulation of the PBL.- 7.7
Problems.- 8 Statistical Representation of Turbulence I.- 8.1 Scaling
Statistical Variables in the PBL.- 8.2 Vertical Distributions of the Variances.-
8.3 Problems.- 9 Statistical Representation of Turbulence II.- 9.1 Spectrum and
Cross Spectrum of Turbulence.- 9.2 Spatial Representation of Turbulence.- 9.3
The Equilibrium Theory of Turbulence.- 9.4 The Inertial Subrange.- 9.5 Surface
Layer Velocity Component Spectra.- 9.6 Mixed Layer Velocity Component Spectra.-
9.7 Spectra of Scalar Quantities Including Temperature.- 9.8 Cospectra and
Quadrature Spectra.- 9.9 Problems.- 10 Turbulent Diffusion from Discrete
Sources.- 10.1 Morphology of Smoke Plumes.- 10.2 Continuity Principles.- 10.3
Fickian Diffusion.- 10.4 The Gaussian Distribution Function.- 10.5 Taylor's
Diffusion Equation.- 10.6 Spectral Representation of Taylor's Equation.- 10.7
Stability Parameters.- 10.8 Gaussian Plume Models.- 10.9 Estimations Based on
Taylor's Equation.- 10.10 Monte Carlo Models.- 10.11 Instantaneous Point
Sources.- 10.12 Problems.- Appendix A. Derivation of the Tubulent Energy
Equations.- A.1 Equations for the Instantaneous Energy.- A.2 The Equation of
Mean Internal Energy.- A.3 The Mean Total Kinetic Energy Equation.- A.4 The
Equation for the Energy of Mean Motion.- A.5 The Turbulent Kinetic Energy
Equation.- Appendix B. Dimensional Analysis and Scaling Principles.- B.1
Checking Equations for Errors.- B.2 Inferring an Unknown Relationship.- B.3
Turkey Eggs, Anybody?.- B.4 Problems.- Appendix C. Matching Theory and the PBL
Resistance Laws.- Appendix D. Description of the Planetary Boundary Layer
Simulation Model.- D.1 Architecture of theModel.- D.2 Surface Boundary
Condition.- D.3 The Free Convection Closure Scheme.- D.4 Treatment of Cloud
Formation.- D.5 Treatment of Infrared Radiation.- Appendix E. A Monte Carlo
Smoke Plume Simulation.- References.